He then repaired his reproducing the Gateway of the Sun on a stamp. A full-size boat in Germany and returned to Bolivia. Cutting-edge photogrammetry was used to record which described his Amazonian adventures. It was writ- the precise designs on the gateway and reduced them to ten for the express purpose of winning the public to his the size of a stamp. The designs were so intricate that they side in a lawsuit against the Bolivian government. He was were nearly impossible to print. Posnansky the Businessman Like his father, Arthur was a shrewd businessman.
His reason for trave- ling to La Paz in the first place was to seek compensation for his boat. Shortly after arriving in La Paz, Figure 5: One of the Bolivian stamps Posnansky had he proposed a German—Bolivian railway corporation to produced, based on a life-size replica of the Gateway the Bolivian president. Figure 4: Schematic of the Iris Posnansky Posnansky may have originally fewer were put into circulation. Furthermore, it seems built it as a private museum for his personal collection that Posnansky had been presenting himself as a Bolivian of artifacts Browman When he sold it to diplomat abroad and unfairly claimed the full commission the government, it became the National Archaeology of the proposed number of stamps.
Posnansky responded Museum and he became its director. He probably had a to legitimate concerns about this episode with stories government salary and acquired government funds for laced with the fantastic and bizarre, at least in the judg- an extended research trip to Europe. Many infant son. He also acquired a nearby fac- ment. The three-story brick house is full enterprise. The gods tributor to this trend Browman ; Rossells ; may have finally listened.
Since it has been the National Museum of the Archaeology of Bolivia. The nineteenth century has many examples of colo- nial excursions to the Americas that combined scientific and military ventures. French colonialism blended cultural, scientific, and military adventuring with the goal of expanding French hegem- ony. South Pacific that was part of his naval training Parker This period saw a surge of European expeditions to South He was intrigued by the native cultures and America, spurred on by European audiences anxious for ethnography of the region.
His thesis, written when he 22 enticing tales of lost civilizations in exotic lands. By , the fundamental features of this nar- rative were established, which he would present in count- less venues over the next four decades Browman The dogmatic narrative was not open to criticism nor reformulation based on new data.
Rather, it was heavily informed by an attempt to reconcile an imagined past of a glorious race with a low opinion of modern Aymara peo- ples. In his final work, Posnansky , II: 2 summarized his narrative of Tiwanaku: After an evolutionary epoch of the highest grade… the magnificent creators fell into an involution, attributable principally to climatic changes, racial struggles and the abuse of narcotics and fermented drinks, until they reached the unhappy state in which the conquistadors found them in the six- Figure Posnansky in 30 years old , the year he teenth century.
He seems quite content Posnansky proposed a five-stage sequence that began over and is dressed for the part as he must have imagined 12, years ago the date varies and is as old as 17, archaeologists dress , complete with pith helmet, years ago in some publications when the altiplano was gaiters, handlebar moustache, and a roll of documents much closer to sea level and there was an ideal semi- Posnansky , II: Fig.
With the level of Lake Titicaca some fifty meters higher it would have extended to Tiwanaku, which well-to-do. They had the resources and drive to seek out is currently about fifteen kilometers from the lakeshore. The Colla race, who originally and Dante The ideas were a timely part of the occupied Tiwanaku, were later invaded by a more intelli- World Calendar Movement and its proposal to glob- gent race, the Aruwak, who were responsible for the blos- ally replace the Gregorian calendar. Not unsurprisingly, soming of high civilization see Janusek The definition of the little more than aspirations to revive a mysterious and lost races was based on the craniometry of modern people and glorious past in a modern, nationalistic context.
From this archaeological crania, an approach he learned in Berlin primordial nexus of high culture, Posnansky , I: 5 during post-graduate studies in physical anthropology.
Posnansky followed the 15— This was a clear expression of sci- cal measurements were among the few potential dating entifically-grounded racism that built to a climax in World methods. Posnansky collaborated ogy. Bellamy and Allan The opus was primarily a reprint- on four-volume opuses on archaeology when they died ing of previous work, yet his racist and political senti- Browman Both avoided criticism by keeping ments were conspicuously missing following the defeat rivals out of Bolivia and eschewing international or peer- of Nazi Germany Richards It should come reviewed venues.
Posnansky paid for the printing of his books instead narrative was highly political and lacked scientific rigor of submitting them to a publisher for review; Ponce pre- Bennett ; Uhle He seems to have been more than Tiwanaku has an undeniable capacity to spark wonder and happy to provide tours of the site, often to prominent curiosity, and has done so for centuries.
Even some Inca foreign visitors who later disseminated his ideas e. Kiss creation myths identify the site as the origin of the world Robinson Wright Chapter 15 published Julien Adams ; Ameghino between the monoliths of Tiwanaku and Easter Island.
Posnansky disseminated this re-packaged arrived in La Paz. His narrative has Uhle He added a good measure of arly authority see Derricourt ; Fagan Uhle was right on many points and the exchange dis- This inductive approach argues for a superlative antiq- credited Posnansky in academic circles from the outset.
All of this supports the intuitive idea that it must be attempt to distance his purportedly scientific approach very old, an essential assertion in the myth of Tiwanaku. Both chronologies use five-stage sequences of cul- must have been had advanced architecture and engineer- tural development and are millennia older than current ing, apparent from the large, elaborately-carved stone research suggests Marsh — Like Posnansky, blocks on the surface.
To put it mildly, they had a low estima- thankfully shown to be false in many cases , drawing audi- tion of the local Aymara people and could not fathom that ences in with the undying mystique of ancient, advanced, there was a connection between them and the leaders of and lost civilizations Derricourt ; Fagan Hence, another superior race must have evolved in South America or immigrated there Perennial Debates and Publications many thousands of years ago, proposed to be Aryans from Like other pioneers, Posnansky had the advantage of Northern Europe, Atlantis, or beings from another planet being one of the first to make detailed proposals about see Stanish Tiwanaku, so there was little prior research to contradict Finally, the climate must have been very different him.
Over the years, he remained academically isolated, many thousands of years ago because a great civiliza- rarely cited others, did not engage with scientific method tion could not have flourished on the barren altiplano, or theory, nor did he train students Bennett Measured critiques of his interpretations point, which means it was built during a different geo- were taken as personal attacks and vehemently refuted.
These debates con- higher Posnansky World Ice Theory, popular until tinually raised the profile of Tiwanaku and Posnansky on the s, proposed a period of high waters that sub- the national and world stage, independent of the quality merged most of the planet, sparing the highest moun- of information. This type of public conflict would repeat tains Bowen ; Goodrick-Clarke —; Hale itself over the years with figures such as Camas, Ibarra —; Pringle His first major archaeology book, published in and Hancock 71; see Richards From the in Berlin, was re-published in in New York, with perspective of a well-to-do traveler in the colonial era of minimal changes, as volume I of his opus Bennett sea-based empires, a port city would be ideal for trade and The books have the same double-column bilingual conquest.
The great civilization ended as waters receded, format German—Spanish in and English—Spanish and the advanced builders of Tiwanaku spread their peo- in However, his own citations include numerous which still resonates with the general public. He cited manuscripts that featured in websites, books, and television shows, which were never published and confused publications with are usually much better known than archaeological similar titles in different languages. Generally, he wrote research.
Even more objective treatments of Tiwanaku are in Spanish and German; English publications were trans- sometimes organized around testing fantastic possibilities lated. By one account he learned seven languages and five Figure An early, speculative reconstruction of Tiwanaku as a port city Inwards Plate 6. He led efforts to in different venues.
Posnansky also in Sammells He suggested moving entire towns to the park where they could preserve and demonstrate their traditional ways The Multifaceted Posnansky of life in shows and dances. However, the spirit of the farsighted proposal was to years Parker A year later he brought the first preserve the archaeological site following the model of US automobile in Bolivia, a horsepower Stuttgart-built national parks Posnansky b.
He started journals, won photographing of the Bennett monolith as well as the prizes in Bolivia and abroad, and was the director of the public debate about its transport to La Paz Loza National Museum and Institute of Criminology. His most notable film was the in the modern matrix of scientific and popular ideas sur- The Glory of the Race, now lost Richards rounding Tiwanaku, much of which traces directly back — , which was an idealized reconstruction of the to Posnansky.
Dancing along inent coterie that has inspired the Hollywood-constructed the fuzzy line between fact and fiction, it was a vivid pres- mystique of the adventurer-archaeologist, embodied entation of the passionate visions of an amateur archae- and popularized in Indiana Jones. Page s : 6. Piano - Classical. Page s : 3.
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